Mongolia is a fascinating blend of ancient nomadic traditions and vibrant modernity. As of 2024, Mongolia’s population stands at 3.4 million, with a unique demographic profile that reflects its vast, open landscape and rich heritage. With only 2 people per square kilometer, Mongolia has one of the world’s lowest population densities. The population is young, with a median age of 26.9, and 67% of Mongolians live in urban areas. Women make up slightly over half of the population, at 50.5%.
At the heart of Mongolia’s cultural identity are the Khalkha Mongols, who make up 84.5% of the population. Descended from the lineage of Chinggis Khan, the Khalkha are considered the primary bearers of Mongolian culture and tradition. Khalkh, the dominant Mongolian language, is understood throughout Mongolia and among Mongolian communities in Central Asia, serving as the foundation of the Mongolian linguistic heritage. In addition to the Khalkha, Mongolia is home to over 20 distinct ethnic groups, including Kazakhs, Dörvöd, Bayad, Buryat, and Dariganga.
The Kazakhs, Mongolia’s largest non-Mongolian ethnic group, are of Turkic descent and primarily Muslim, with strong cultural ties to Kazakhstan. Originally developing their ethnic identity in the 15th century, they later became part of Russia’s Central Asian territories through a series of annexations in the 19th century. Many Kazakhs in Mongolia have recently emigrated back to Kazakhstan, yet they continue to play a vibrant role in Mongolia’s multicultural landscape.
The Oirat and Buryat peoples also add to Mongolia’s ethnic mosaic. The Oirat, who arrived in western Mongolia centuries ago, are descended from a western Mongol lineage and maintain their heritage through traditional herding practices. The Buryat, a northern Mongolian group with roots in Siberia, primarily live along the Russia-Mongolia border near Lake Baikal, the ancestral homeland of their forebears.
With a deep-rooted history and a dynamic cultural landscape, Mongolia is a unique and inspiring destination where centuries-old traditions meet the rhythms of modern life, offering visitors an authentic glimpse into one of the world’s most enduring cultures.
